Why overcome

Extra Examples She overcame strong opposition to take the title. This could be the year that he finally overcomes his great rival and clinches the championship. Extra Examples He was suddenly overcome with remorse for the harm he had done. She felt almost overcome by a tide of relief. She felt quite overcome by their kindness. The officers on duty were visibly overcome, many of them in tears. Oxford Collocations Dictionary adverb completely quite almost … preposition by with See full entry.

Word Origin Old English ofercuman see over- , come. Check pronunciation: overcome. Abstract The phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships among the Old World leaf-nosed bats Hipposideridae and the closely related horseshoe bats Rhinolophidae remain unresolved. Keywords: phylogenetics, mammals, virus, exon versus intron, biogeography, Rhinonycteridae. Introduction The Hipposideridae, commonly known as the Old World leaf-nosed bats, are widespread and are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World extending from western Africa, throughout Australasia, and marginally into the Palearctic Koopman ; Bogdanowicz and Owen Table 1.

Suborder Superfamily Family Subtribe Genus Species Yangochiroptera a Vespertilionidae Myotis myotis Mormoopidae Pteronotus parnelli Yinpterochiroptera a Pteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis Nyctimene albiventer Rousettus lanosus Rhinolophoidea Rhinopomatidae Rhinopoma b hardwickii microphyllum Craseonycteridae Craseonycteris thonglongyai Megadermatidae Megaderma spasma lyra Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus hipposideros shameli pusillus creaghi euryale trifoliatus ferrumequinum sinicus luctus pearsoni Hipposideridae Anthops ornatus Asellia tridens Aselliscus stoliczkanus Coelops frithii Hipposideros armiger larvatus commersoni c vittatus jonesi galeritus caffer pomona halophyllus abae Rhinonycterina d Cloeotis percivali Rhinonicteris aurantia Paratriaenops e furculus auritus Triaenops persicus menamena.

Open in a separate window. Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Conflict The evolutionary history of the Hipposideridae remains a source of phylogenetic controversy stemming from conflict between morphological and molecular data fig. Choice of Molecular Markers Previous molecular phylogenies have mainly focused on the relationship between a limited number of Hipposideridae genera and have predominantly used mitochondrial data Wang et al. Objectives A combination of state-of-the-art phylogenetic methods, divergence time estimates, and biogeographical analyses were employed to elucidate the evolutionary history of the Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae and to explore the reasons for any phylogenetic incongruence.

Phylogenetic Analysis Each of the six data sets for phylogenetic analysis produced largely congruent topologies across all analyses. Higher Level Relationships Higher level relationships were well resolved see supplementary table S2 , Supplementary Material online, and fig.

Hipposideridae and Rhinonycterina Within the traditional grouping of Hipposideridae, there is a basal division of two strongly supported monophyletic groups. Systematic Summary Order Chiroptera Blumenbach , Type Genus— Rhinonicteris J. Gray, Type genus is Rhinonicteris J.

Rhinolophidae The Rhinolophidae form a fully supported monophyletic group but intrafamilial relationships are less well resolved than for the Hipposideridae see supplementary table S2 , Supplementary Material online. Anthops Subtree The three intron-based subtree shows that Anthops falls within the monophyletic grouping of Hipposideros with full support from the BA fig.

Alternative Topology Tests Alternative topology tests, Kishino—Hasegawa KH , Shimodaira—Hasegawa SH , approximately unbiased AU , were carried out to test a number of competing hypotheses and alternative topologies arising from our data, results are summarized in table 2.

Table 2. Asian clades consensus tree— fig. Divergence Time Estimates and Biogeography Results from the divergence time estimates indicate that Rhinolophoidea and Pteropodidae diverged approximately 59 Ma fig. Diversification Analysis Concatenation of the four data sets for diversification analysis resulted in the following alignments: Hipposideros Cyt b — bp comprising 87 sequences; Rhinolophus Cyt b —1, bp comprising 58 sequences; Hipposideros Cox1 — bp comprising 50 sequences; and Rhinolophus Cox1 — bp comprising 51 sequences, where all sequences are representative of putative species.

Phylogenetic Questions For the first time, based on complete taxonomic sampling at the generic level and with diverse data types, the outstanding phylogenetic controversies surrounding the hipposiderid bats have been resolved. Taxonomic Clarification and Revision at the Family Level Our analyses indicate that the Hipposideridae should be recognized as a distinct family.

Rhinonycteridae The original description of Rhinonycterina was recognized by later studies and was expanded to include Triaenops and Cloeotis as these taxa fitted the original description for the Rhinonycterina based primarily on noseleaf morphology Hill Hipposideridae The familial delimitation of Rhinonycteridae and Hipposideridae results in Asellia being basal to all other Hipposideridae. Does Hipposideros Form a Monophyletic Group? Diversification Analysis The nuclear phylogeny fig.

Comments on Molecular Clock and Biogeographical Analysis Methods It is important to recognize the limitations of the methods used herein for divergence time estimation and biogeographic analysis. Implications of the Phylogeny By addressing the phylogenetic controversies and taxonomic uncertainties, our phylogeny has implications for the detection and surveillance of novel coronaviruses, as well as conservation strategies for these unique lineages.

Conclusion To elucidate possible systematic bias obscuring the phylogenetic signals, we investigated the effects of removing outlying data on phylogenetic reconstruction and compared the relative resolving power of intron and exon data for our tree. Materials and Methods Taxon Sampling and Data Selection A total of 19 nuclear gene fragments were amplified for 39 taxa. Tissue Sampling, DNA Extraction, and Amplification Tissues used for genetic analyses were either from wing punches from released individuals or tissue samples from voucher specimens housed in different museum collections see Genbank Accessions for further details.

Alternative Topology Tests The KH, SH, AU, and a number of their weighted variants were used to test the statistical significance of a number of competing phylogenetic hypotheses arising from our data and in the literature see table 2 for description of competing hypotheses.

Diversification Analysis To facilitate our comparative analysis of diversification rate in the speciose genera Rhinolophus and Hipposideros , faster evolving mitochondrial markers Cyt b and Cox1 were used to enable species level differentiation.

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